類型：英語語法
時(shí)間：2023-01-26
點(diǎn)擊量648
通順與連貫是一篇好的英語文章必須具有的條件之一。
一、句子的連貫
如果一個(gè)句子的各個(gè)詞或各個(gè)成分之間的連接是既清晰又合理的，那么這個(gè)句子就是連貫的、通順的。要寫出連貫通順的句子需要注意以下問題：
(一)關(guān)于正確使用平行句的問題
在英語中，所謂平行句就是把結(jié)構(gòu)相似或相同，意義相關(guān)，語義一致的一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞組或句子并列使用。包括名詞短語、形容詞短語、副詞短語、動(dòng)詞短語、非謂語動(dòng)詞短語、從句等的平行。正確使用平行結(jié)構(gòu)，既能使重點(diǎn)突出，又能使句子更易理解和連貫。例如：
1. We
should judge a
person not only by what he says but also his
deeds.
此句中的what he said和his deeds在結(jié)構(gòu)上是不平行的，因此其中一個(gè)應(yīng)該被改正。即：
We should judge a person not only by what he says but also by what he does.(從句的平行)或We should judge a person not only by his
words but also his deeds. (名詞短語的平行)
2. We
thought she was
young, fair and a
beautiful girl.
此句要么用名詞短語的平行，要么用形容詞短語的平行。即改為：We thought she was young, fair and beautiful.或We thought she was a young, fair and beautiful girl.
3. He sat down at the
table and
began to read
newspaper. (動(dòng)詞短語的平行)
4. He
likes playing basketball and
collecting stamps. (非謂語動(dòng)詞的平行)
5. The
teachers and
students have
great faith and high
hopes for you.
此句中的名詞faith和hope盡管是平行的，但它們應(yīng)該接不同的介詞。該為：The teachers and students have great faith in and high hopes for you.
(二)關(guān)于指代不明的問題
6. He told Tom that he had
passed the driving-test.
句子中的第二個(gè)he究竟是指主語還是指Tom，模棱兩可。我們可以理解為He had passed the driving-test and he told Tom. 也可理解為He told Tom that Tom had passed the driving-test.
7. I went to see a film last
night because she is a star I like.
因?yàn)榫渥又袥]有涉及第三者，所以很難斷定she指代何人。可改為I went to see a film last night because the
actress is a star I like.
8. Li Ming was
knocked down by a
motorbike, but it was not
badly hurt.
It指代前面出現(xiàn)過的名詞, 這是it的基本用法之一。此句中唯一的名詞是motorbike在此是泛指，故不能用it. 若改為L(zhǎng)i Ming was knocked down by a motorbike, but was not badly hurt.句子的意思就明了多了。
為避免此錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生，寫句子時(shí)要先分清代詞要指代的對(duì)象。
(三)關(guān)于修飾語的問題
9. 我在會(huì)上作了重要的關(guān)于如何學(xué)好英語的報(bào)告。
誤：He gave an
important talk at the
meeting about how to
learn English well.
析：此句由于修飾語的位置錯(cuò)放而引起的意思模糊。從句子結(jié)構(gòu)來看，很容易讓人覺得修飾語about how to learn English well像是修飾the meeting，但根據(jù)漢語句子原意，應(yīng)該修飾talk.
10. 他說了上課遲到的原因，沒有人相信。
He gave a
reason for his
being late for
school,
which nobody believed.
析：此句也屬于修飾語的位置誤放。這種錯(cuò)誤的修改法有兩種：一是使修飾語緊跟他所修飾的成分He gave a reason，which nobody believed，for his being late for school。二是重復(fù)被修飾的成分He gave a reason for his being late for school, a reason which nobody believed.
11. 從山上看，我們學(xué)校看起來很美。
誤：
Seeing from the hill, our school
looks very beautiful.
析：非謂語動(dòng)詞seeing與句子的主語our school 不構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系，而是被動(dòng)的。非謂語動(dòng)詞的錯(cuò)用造成句子的不通順。因此應(yīng)該為Seen from the hill, our school looks very beautiful.這是同學(xué)們寫作中最常犯的錯(cuò)誤，應(yīng)該引起高度重視。
(四)關(guān)于語序的問題
語序(語言順序)是句子通順的重要因素。下面我們就幾種常用語序作些分析，相信對(duì)同學(xué)們的寫作會(huì)有所幫助。
12. If I had a long
enough holiday, I’d
visit Europe,
stopping at all the
small interesting places.
顯然，此句是關(guān)于副詞的語序問題。enough作副詞修飾形容詞時(shí)要后置。
13. ―How was you
recent visit to
Qingdao?
―It was great. We
visited some
friends, and
spent the last few
sunny days at the
seaside.
此句是關(guān)于幾個(gè)形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞的語序問題。寫這類句子，我們可以遵循下列規(guī)則安排語序：1)與被修飾的名詞關(guān)系愈密切的形容詞愈靠近名詞；2)如果密切程度差不多，則音節(jié)少的形容詞在前，多的在后；3)一般按照“九字令”：限(last,
first，few等)、描(fine, beautiful, fat等)、大(big, small等)、形(
round,
square等)、齡(young, old,
five-year-old等)、顏(red,
brown等)、籍(出處，籍貫)、物(物質(zhì)、材料)、類(類別、用途)。
14. You can’t
imagine how
excited they were, when they
received these nice
Christmas presents.
此句是關(guān)于賓語從句的語序問題。在寫帶有賓語從句的句子時(shí)，同學(xué)們可以熟記以下口訣：賓語從句要牢記，陳述語序在心里；主句一般從任意，主句過去從過去(主句如果是過去時(shí)態(tài)，從句用相應(yīng)的過去時(shí)態(tài))；陳述句連詞用that， 一般問句if或whether, 特殊問句詞不變。
15. So
shallow is the lake that no fish can live in it.
此句是關(guān)于倒裝語序的問題。寫作時(shí)正確使用倒裝句，對(duì)提高文章的生動(dòng)非常有幫助。但如果把握不準(zhǔn)，寫出錯(cuò)句子的話，將會(huì)影響文章的檔次。
二、段落的通順連貫
寫出了足夠的通順連貫的句子，是不是就意味著會(huì)寫出通順連貫的文章呢?答案是否定的。段落的通順連貫與段落的組織有關(guān)。如果把寫好的每一句話，只是簡(jiǎn)單地?zé)o次序堆在一起，寫出來的文章就會(huì)雜亂無章，讀者也就無法跟上作者的思路，甚至很難理解作者在說什么。因此，按一定的邏輯規(guī)則排列句子，才能寫出通順連貫的段落。例如：
As we all know,
Human beings and the
environment can have a great
effect on each
other. If we use environment
resources properly, Human
society will
develop very
quickly and the environment
around us will be
improved at the same time. But on the other hand, If we use them
wrongly, we’ll
suffer a lot from it because
there will be many environment
problem. For
example,
ecological environment will be
destroyed, a lot of land will be
changed into
deserts and soil will be
washed away in
heavy rains. To
protect our environment is to save
ourselves.
本段落是通順連貫的。作者先陳述了一個(gè)事實(shí)：人類和環(huán)境相互影響。再從正反兩方面闡述二者的相互影響，然后進(jìn)一步舉例說明，如果人類破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境，必將受到懲罰。最后得出結(jié)論：保護(hù)我們的環(huán)境就是挽救我們自己。
另外，文章的連貫還與文章的過渡和銜接(見下一節(jié))有著密切關(guān)系。構(gòu)成語篇連接成份的過渡詞語，被稱為“篇章紐帶”，其語篇銜接作用是不言而喻的，同學(xué)們?nèi)裟軐W(xué)會(huì)正確恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂眠@些表示過渡與銜接的“篇章紐帶”，使文章前后連貫、結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、過渡自然，那么文章便可錦上添花了。
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